Development and Construct Validation of Attitude Scale to Computer-Based Testing using Undergraduates in Katsina State
This study aimed at developing and validating Attitude Scale to Computer-Based Testing. Instrumentation design was used. Three objectives were established, and three research questions were generated and addressed. The population of the study comprised 34,050 undergraduates in the three universities in Katsina state. The sample comprised 1,000 subjects, derived using multistage procedure. The developed scale was used to generate data which were analysed using Factor Analysis. The findings for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed that, 67 items were developed initially, but only 50 were retained in the modified version. Five factors were restricted, which resulted in only 39 items. Also, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO/MSA) = .851 (?2 =17346.330, df = 1225, p =.000), indicating excellent sample size for factor analysis. Finally, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was run and the data fit the model poorly, but after some necessary modifications, the final model, with only 24 items, had acceptable fit indices. For convergent validity, ? ? 0.64, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) ? 0.508, and Composite Reliability (CR) ? 0.807, while for discriminant validity, , and - 0.424 ? Rij ? 0.068. The researcher concluded that the final scale is valid. It was recommended among others that the final scale should be utilised by researchers in assessing students’ attitudes to Computer-Based Testing.
Keywords: Development and validation attitude scale; Computer-based testing; Factor analysis of scales
Abdullahi Adamu Dan’inna PhD.
Development and Construct Validation of Attitude Scale to Computer-Based Testing using Undergraduates in Katsina State
This study aimed at developing and validating Attitude Scale to Computer-Based Testing. Instrumentation design was used. Three objectives were established, and three research questions were generated and addressed. The population of the study comprised 34,050 undergraduates in the three universities in Katsina state. The sample comprised 1,000 subjects, derived using multistage procedure. The developed scale was used to generate data which were analysed using Factor Analysis. The findings for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed that, 67 items were developed initially, but only 50 were retained in the modified version. Five factors were restricted, which resulted in only 39 items. Also, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO/MSA) = .851 (?2 =17346.330, df = 1225, p =.000), indicating excellent sample size for factor analysis. Finally, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was run and the data fit the model poorly, but after some necessary modifications, the final model, with only 24 items, had acceptable fit indices. For convergent validity, ? ? 0.64, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) ? 0.508, and Composite Reliability (CR) ? 0.807, while for discriminant validity, , and - 0.424 ? Rij ? 0.068. The researcher concluded that the final scale is valid. It was recommended among others that the final scale should be utilised by researchers in assessing students’ attitudes to Computer-Based Testing. Keywords: Development and validation attitude scale; Computer-based testing; Factor analysis of scales